The roots of the companys name came from the acronym for Stanford University Network (SUN). It was thus an important milestone in computing as soon Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh would soon adopt the GUI as their user interface, making it the new paradigm for personal computing. Built as an electro-mechanical means of decrypting Nazi ENIGMA-based military communications during World War II, the British Bombe is conceived of by computer pioneer Alan Turing and Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. IBMs first personal computer, the system was designed to run the APL programming language in a compact, briefcase-like enclosure which comprised a keyboard, CRT display, and cassette tape storage. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. Three types of the M3 were available two types that measured either temperature or pressure and one that could take images. Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. ____ operating systems are typically used for a network platform. The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab needed a special device to monitor a reactor. effects of word processing on students' handwriting. What is a prominent research finding regarding students who engage in computer programming activities? Bruce Arthur Artwick (born January 1, 1953) [1] is an American software engineer. The Relay Interpolator used 440 relays, and since it was programmable by paper tape, was used for other applications following the war. Thousands of software titles were released over the lifespan of the C64 and by the time it was discontinued in 1993, it had sold more than 22 million units. What is the Internet standard for how web pages are formatted and displayed? Colligan, Dubinsky, Hawkins (left to right). The architecture that allowed Windows and IBM OS/2 has remained in subsequent chips. Xerox wasnt interested. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best-selling model of home computers of all time. An ecologist, for example, could sprinkle thousands of motes from the air onto a field and measure soil and air temperature, moisture, and sunlight, giving them accurate real-time data about the environment. Be, founded by former Apple executive Jean Louis Gasse and a number of former Apple, NeXT and SUN employees, releases their only product the BeBox. Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 could address four times as many bytes for a total of 64 kilobytes. Oddly, the company doesn't use the term in its marketing, preferring instead to refer to the microcomputer (which it calls a "Micom") that implements the fuzzy logic. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. Acorn spun off ARM as its own company to license microprocessor designs, which in turn has transformed mobile computing with ARMs low power, high-performance processors and systems-on-chip (SoC). In October 2013, the one millionth Raspberry Pi was shipped. Microcomputer Applications - Quiz 1. A computer could write it with a laser instead. The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. Which of the following has research shown to be a benefit of online learning? Title card- BBCs The Computer Programme. Lenovo, China's largest manufacturer of PCs, purchased IBM's personal computer business in 2005, largely to gain access to IBM's ThinkPad line of computers and sales force. Their first product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. microprocessor/ processor. After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. The IAS computer was designed for scientific calculations and it performed essential work for the US atomic weapons program. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. Definition. The mill is still in use today as an office park (Clock Tower Place) today. Weighing 24 pounds and costing $1,795, the Osborne 1 is the first mass-produced portable computer. Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. VisiCalc was released in 1979 and quickly became a must-have tool for business users. Franklin was able to undercut Apple's pricing even while offering some features not available on the original. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. A. Mark-8 featured on Radio-Electronics July 1974 cover. When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. Though it used a proprietary operating system, RISC OS, the RISC PC could run PC-compatible software using the Acorn PC Card. The 1973 Wang 2200 makes it a successful computer company, too. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The title of first commercially available general-purpose computer probably goes to Britains Ferranti Mark I for its sale of its first Mark I computer to Manchester University. . The TRS-80 was priced at $599.95, included a Z80 microprocessor, video display, 4 KB of memory, a built-in BASIC programming language interpreter, cassette storage, and easy-to-understand manuals that assumed no prior knowledge on the part of the user. Apple had initially included a handle in their Macintosh computers to encourage users to take their Macs on the go, though not until five years after the initial introduction does Apple introduce a true portable computer. The machines existence was not made public until the 1970s. This free, public set of lectures inspired the EDSAC, BINAC, and, later, IAS machine clones like the AVIDAC. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. Store the results for future use Hardware the electronical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. Apple launches the iPhone - a combination of web browser, music player and cell phone - which could download new functionality in the form of "apps" (applications) from the online Apple store. It was widely used in DEC's workstations and servers, as well as several supercomputers like the Chinese Sunway Blue Light system, and the Swiss Gigabooster. [21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. Customers included US military as well as industry. Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. The first companies to produce a specific type of program had good sales even though they did little promotion and their programs were not "userfriendly." It seems that many of these "innovators . Its base price was $6,500. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? . This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. The machine came with 256 bytes of memory (expandable to 64 KB) and an open 100-line bus structure that evolved into the S-100 standard widely used in hobbyist and personal computers of this era. A joint project of Englands Manchester University, Ferranti Computers, and Plessey, Atlas comes online nine years after Manchesters computer lab begins exploring transistor technology. The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. Dropout rates are higher in online courses. The basic computer cost $28,500. In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. Applications were also highly innovative: a WYSISYG word processor known as Bravo, a paint program, a graphics editor, and email for example. Computer Science. It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. Upgrade to Quizlet Plus to study with no ads, offline access and even more premium features, like image uploading and scanning to create sets. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. data. Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. Acorn's ARM RISC microprocessor is first used in the company's Archimedes computer system. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. The Manchester Mark I used more than 1,300 vacuum tubes and occupied an area the size of a medium room. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. Originally a joint project with IBM and Microsoft, OS/2 is know maintained by IBM, and was a competitive product to the various MS Windows programs. "We are trying to build a machine to do all kinds of different things simply by programming rather than by the addition of extra apparatus," Turing said at a symposium on large-scale digital calculating machinery in 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Its price was $2,500. The First Microcomputer: Altair 8800. Windows NT was a version of Windows that included a graphical interface on top of a DOS kernel. 25. Selling for $1,750, the Micral never penetrated the U.S. market. The 6502 and its progeny are still used today, usually in embedded applications. The TV Typewriter was used by many small television stations well in the 1990s. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. Ed de Castro, its main designer and co-founder of Data General, had earlier led the team that created the DEC PDP-8. The machines system of connections and switches let processors broadcast information and requests for help to other processors in a simulation of brain-like associative recall. User interface Spreadsheet Although manufactured by Remington Rand, the machine was often mistakenly referred to as the IBM Univac." In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. The first IBM system to include Intels 80386 chip, the company ships more than 1 million units by the end of the first year. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. It was built in Washington DC as a test-bed for evaluating components and systems as well as for setting computer standards. Apple Stores display of newly introduced Apple Watches. Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. Subject. Under the direction of engineer Dr. Paul Friedl, the Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) personal computer prototype is developed at IBM's Los Gatos and Palo Alto, California laboratories. This keyboard design was dubbed the Butterfly. The need for such a design was lessened as laptop screens grew wider. Accept data (input) 2. A commercial version of Alan Turing's Pilot ACE, called DEUCEthe Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine -- is used mostly for science and engineering problems and a few commercial applications. Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. What type of integration strategy is a teacher using when his students videoconference to exchange ideas about water pollution prevention? Which kind of software is required to edit a movie from filmed video footage? Airline reservation agents working with SABRE. The line was discontinued less than two years later. You are designing a controller for a toaster oven. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. While Apple sued to remove the Laser 128 from the market, they were unsuccessful and the Laser remained one of the very few Apple clones for sale. IBMs initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. Produce results (output) 4. SWAC was used to solve problems in numerical analysis, including developing climate models and discovering five previously unknown Mersenne prime numbers. central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. An electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can: 1. Scientific and defense applications included studies of human electrophysiology, nuclear weapon simulation, human genome mapping, and global climate change. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. With a screen resolution of up to 400 pixels-per-inch (PPI), Retina displays approached the limit of pixel visibility to the human eye. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. To protect it from earthquakes, the building housing it was built using a seismic isolation system that used rubber supports. What characteristic is common to most Personalized Learning Systems (PLS)? The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late 1943. The word "computer" was first used in 1613 in the book The Yong Mans Gleanings by Richard Braithwaite and originally described a human who performed calculations or computations. Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. The Baby was built to test a new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn -- soon known as the Williams Tube which was the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers. spreadsheet program One of the earliest and most popular pieces of software for microcomputers was the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. Wi-Fi Atlas was the fastest computer in the world at the time and introduced the concept of virtual memory, that is, using a disk or drum as an extension of main memory. The Jaguar was used to study climate science, seismology, and astrophysics applications. Rather than testing components like the SEAC, the SWAC was built using already-developed technology. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. The knowledge and technologies developed for the Stretch project played a major role in the design, management, and manufacture of the later IBM System/360--the most successful computer family in IBM history. the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. Introduction of the iPhone 4 with retina display. The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. Sun Microsystems grows out of this prototype. Dell dropped out of school to focus on his business and in 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, which sold for $795. The Nova line of computers continued through the 1970s, and influenced later systems like the Xerox Alto and Apple 1. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users altered by reprogramming rather than rewiring. Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Commodore releases the VIC-20 home computer as the successor to the Commodore PET personal computer. While imprisoned at Buchenwald concentration camp for the rest of World War II, he refines his pre-war design of a calculator featuring a modified version of Leibnizs stepped drum design. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. ex..pentium, celeron, athlon. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. The laser printer was used with PARCs Alto computer, and was commercialized as the Xerox 9700. Follow-on versions of the Kindle added further audio-video capabilities. Of the following challenges, which one has not been identified as a challenge for students engaged in blended learning? The 48-bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes. The Alto is a groundbreaking computer with wide influence on the computer industry. During three years of production, IBM sells 19 701s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. Called a complex instruction set computer, VAX systems were backward compatible and so preserved the investment owners of previous DEC computers had in software. H. Edward Roberts, the Florida-born former U.S. Air Force officer who headed MITS, decided to design a small, affordable computer around the Intel 8080. Compaq's success launched a market for IBM-compatible computers that by 1996 had achieved an 83-percent share of the personal computer market. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) is among the first stored program computers completed in the United States. The electronic circuits (registers) of the arithmetic- logic unit perform both the arithmetic and logic functions needed for the software instructions to be executed. Spinning at 12,500 rpm, the 650s magnetic data-storage drum allowed much faster access to stored information than other drum-based machines. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. See Answer. Which of the following is not a significant challenge in regard to assessing students who are English language learners (ELLs)? Intended to be a less expensive alternative to the PET, the VIC-20 was highly successful, becoming the first computer to sell more than a million units. What have recent studies of online school performance compared with traditional school performance shown? . The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. It had 32 KB of memory and sold for $8,000. Apple makes a splash with its Bondi Blue iMac, which sells for about $1,300. The J-Phone line would quickly expand, releasing a flip-phone version just a month later. Only one month later, another one million Raspberry Pis were delivered. The AGCs first flight was on Apollo 7. The PowerBook 100 was the entry-level machine, while the PowerBook 140 was more powerful and had a larger memory. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to test recording equipment and speaker systems for the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie Fantasia in 1940. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. Quiz 1. any combo of hardware or software designed to provide services to us. Apple enters the handheld computer market with the Newton. Total Cards. Today those systems use the PowerPC chip, also by Motorola and a successor to the 68000 series. The Earth Simulator was listed as the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. !" "The only app I use when I need to get down to business." It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics. For its January issue, hobbyist magazine Popular Electronics runs a cover story of a new computer kit the Altair 8800. The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. An early transistorized computer, the NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. Univac computers were used in many different applications but utilities, insurance companies and the US military were major customers. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. Until the year 2000, it was the world's fastest supercomputer, able to achieve peak performance of 1.3 teraflops, (about 1.3 trillion calculations per second). Question 13. Which is an acknowledged benefit of software with drill and practice functions? . True False Replacing their Archimedes computer, the RISC PC from UK's Acorn Computers uses the ARMv3 RISC microprocessor. The Zilog Z-80 could run any program written for the 8080 and included twice as many built-in machine instructions. The Retina display became standard on most of the iPad, iPhone, MacBook, and Apple Watch product lines. What software was the first available for microcomputers? The Arduino used a Java-based integrated development environment and users could access a library of programs, called Wiring, that allowed for simplified programming. The Central processing unit (CPU) serves as the primarily processing component of a computer system. Southwest Technical Products is founded by Daniel Meyer as DEMCO in the 1960s to provide a source for kit versions of projects published in electronics hobbyist magazines. If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? What is a key technological infrastructure resource for online teaching? The MOS 6502 was introduced at a conference in San Francisco at a cost of $25, far less than comparable processors from Intel and Motorola, leading some attendees to believe that the company was perpetrating a hoax. Its large scope intrigued early hackers at MIT, who wrote the first computerized video game, SpaceWar!, as well as programs to play music. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. answer choices 20 pin P1 connector 8 pin auxiliary connector 24+4 pin P1 connector When the Minuteman I was decommissioned, some universities received these computers for use by students.